What about Humerus bone ? write down its features and side determination?

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HUMERUS
The humerus is the bone of the arm. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It has an upper end, a lower end and a shaft.

Side Determination:
1. The upper end is rounded to form the head. The lower end is expanded from side to side and flattened from before backwards.
2.The head is directed medially, upwards and backwards.
3.The lesser tubercle projects from the front of the upper end and is limited laterally by the intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove.
Features:
Upper End:
  • The head is directed medially, backwards and upwards. It articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form shoulder joint.
  • The line separating the head from the rest of the upper end is called anatomical neck.
  • The lesser tubercle is an elevation on the anterior aspect of the upper end.
  • The greater tubercle is an elevation that forms the lateral part of the upper end.
  • The intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove separates the lesser tubercle medially from the anterior part of the greater tubercle.
  • The narrow line separating the upper end of the humerus from the shaaft called surgical neck.
Shaft:
The shaft is rounded in the upper half and triangular in the lower half. It has three borders and three surfaces.
Borders:
  • The upper one-third of the anterior border forms the lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus.
  • The lateral border is prominent only at the lower where it forms the lateral supracondylar ridge. In the upper part, it is barely traceable up to the posterior surface of the greater tubercle.
  • The upper part of the medial border forms the medial lips of the intertubercular sulcus. It is continuous below with the medial supracondylar ridge.
Surfaces:
  • The anterolateral surface lies between the anterior and lateral borders. The upper half of this surface is covered by the deltoid.
  • The anteromedial surface lies between the anterior and medial borders. Its upper one-third is narrow and forms the floor of the intertubercular sulcus.
  • The posterior surface lies between the medial and lateral borders. Its upper part is marked by an oblique ridge.
Lower End:
The lower end of the humerus forms the condyle which is expanded from side to side, and has articular and non-articular parts.
The articular part includes the following;
  • The capitulum is a rounded projection which articulates with the head of the radius.
  • The trochlea is a pulley-shaped surface. It articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna.
The non-articular part includes the following:
  • The medial epicondyle is a prominent bony projection on the medial side of the lower end.
  • The lateral epicondyle is smaller than the medial epicondyle. Its anterolateral part has a muscular impression.
  • The sharp lateral margin just above the lower end is called the lateral supracondylar ridge.
  • The medial supracondylar ridge is a similar ridge on medial side.
  • The coracoid fossa is a depression just above the anterior aspect of the trochlea.
  • The radial fossa is a depression present just above the anterior aspect of the capitulum. It accommodates the head of the radius when the elbow is flexed.
  • The olecranon fossa lies just above the posterior aspect of the trochlea. It accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is extended.
References:
BD Chaurasia's Human Anatomy ( Upper Limb )
Chief Editor 
Krishna Garg, Pragati Sheel Mittal, Mrudula Chandrupatia.

About Author:
Tayyba Saleem PT
Doctor of Physical Therapy.


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