Write down about anatomy of radius bone. Also explain its features and muscle attachments?

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 RADIUS

The radius is the lateral bone of the forearm. It is homologous with the tibia of the lower limb. It has an upper end, a lower end and a shaft.


Features:
It has an upper end, shaft and a lower end.
Upper End:
  • The head is disc-shaped and is covered with hyaline cartilage. It has a superior concave surface which articulates with the capitulum of the humerus at the elbow joint. 
  • The neck is enclosed by the narrow lower margin of the annular ligament. The head and neck are free from capsular attachment and can rotate freely within the socket.
  • The tuberosity lies just below the medial part of the neck. It has a rough posterior part and a smooth anterior part.
Shaft:
It has three borders and three surfaces.
Borders:
  • The anterior border extends from the anterior margin of the radial tuberosity down close to the styloid process. It is oblique in the upper half of the shaft, and vertical in the lower half. The oblique part is called the anterior oblique line.
  • The posterior border is the mirror image of the anterior border, but is clearly defined only in its middle one-third. 
  • The medial  or interosseous border is the sharpest of the three borders. It extends from the radial tuberosity above to the posterior margin of the ulnar notch below.
Surfaces:
  • The anterior surface lies between the anterior and interosseous borders. A nutrient foramen opens in its upper part, and is directed upwards. 
  • The posterior surface lies between the posterior and interosseous borders.
  • The lateral surface lies between the anterior and posterior borders.
Lower End:
The lower end is the widest part of the bone. It has five surfaces.
  1. The anterior surface is in the form of a thick prominent ridge. The radial artery is palpated against this surface.
  2. The posterior surface presents four grooves for the extensor tendons. 
  3. The medial surface is occupied by the ulnar notch for the head of the ulna.
  4. The lateral surface is prolonged downwards to form the styloid process.
  5. The inferior surface bears a triangular area for the scaphoid bone.

Muscle Attachments:
  1. The biceps brachii is inserted into the rough posterior part of the radial tuberosity. 
  2. The supinator is inserted into the upper part of the lateral surface.
  3. The pronator teres is inserted into the middle of the lateral surface.
  4. The brachioradialis is inserted into the lowest part of the lateral surface just above the styloid process.
  5. The flexor pollicis longus takes origin from the upper two-thirds of the anterior surface.
  6. The abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis arise from the posterior surface.
  7. The quadrate ligament is attached to the medial part of the neck.
  8. The oblique cord is attached on the medial side just below the radial tuberosity.
  9. The articular capsule of the wrist joint is attached to the anterior and posterior margins of the inferior articular surface.
  10. The articular disc of the inferior radioulnar joint is attached to the lower border of ulnar notch.
Clinical Anatomy:
The radius commonly gets fractured about 2cm above its lower end called Colles fracture.
If the distal fragments gets displaced anteriorly, it is called Smith's fracture. 
A sudden powerful jerk on the hand of a child may dislodge the head of the radius from the grip of the annular ligament. This is known as Pulled elbow (subluxation of the head of the radius ).
References:
BD Chaurasia's Human Anatomy of Upper Limb.
Chief Editor :
Krishna Garg, Pragati Sheel Mittal, Mrudula Chandrupatia.

About Author:
Tayyba Saleem (PT)
Doctor Of Physiotherapy.

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