Explain the Terminologies of General Anatomy?

-

 GENERAL ANATOMY:

General anatomy is defined as the consideration of various structures which make up the human body.   OR   "The study of internal organs of body".



SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY:

It is the branch of anatomy which deals with the study of various structures systematically i.e., system wise. It is furthur classified as:

  1. Osteology ( Study of skeletal system )
  2. Arthrology ( Study of articular system )
  3. Myology ( Study of muscular system )
  4. Neurology ( Study of nervous system )
  5. Splanchnology ( Study of Viscera system like respiratory system, Digestive system).

SURFACE ANATOMY:

It deals with the study and identification of various structures in the living person by methods of inspection and palpation. It helps to enhance the knowledge acquired through dissection of Cadaver by either line of study.

STATISTICAL ANATOMY:

It deals with the facts and figures on variations in measurements, structure and relationship of different parts of human body.

HOMOLOGOUS:

When two structures occurring in different animals have similar structural  histories and they may show individual functional differences in other ways are said to be homologous. For example, Wing of a bird, the forelimb of a horse and upper limb of a man are homologous structures.

ANALOGOUS:

When the two structures occurring in different animals have different ontogenetic histories and have similar functions are said to be analogous with each other, e.g., The gills of the fish and lungs of a man have a similar function but different structure.

ANATOMICAL POSITION:

Anatomical position is defined as, the human body is regarded as standing erect, the eyes looking forward to the horizon, the arms by the sides and the palms of the hands and toes directed forwards.


ANATOMICAL POSITION TERMS:
There are following anatomical terms are:
1. Anterior: Near the front surface of the body.

2. Posterior: Near the back surface of the body.

3. Superior: Near the crown or upper part of the body.

4.Inferior: Near the soles of foot or lower part of the body.

5. Medial: Near the medial plane of the body.

6. lateral: Farther away from the median plane of the body.

7: Proximal:  Near the trunk of the body.

8. Distal: Away from the trunk of the body.

9. Palmer: The anterior surface of the hand.

10. Plantar: The inferior surface of the foot.

11. Superficial: Near to the skin or towards the skin.

12. Deep:  Present away from the skin of the body.

ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY:

There are following anatomical planes in which movements takes place.

SAGITTAL PLANE:

Any vertical antero-posterior plane parallel to the median plane.  OR

" The plane which divides the body in right or left half" is known as sagittal plane.

It also includes the median plane.

FRONTAL PLANE:

Frontal plane is also known as Coronal Plane. Any vertical plane which lies at the right angle to sagittal plane.                                  OR

"The plane that divides the body in front and back side".

TRANSVERSE PLANE:

The plane which divides the body in superior (upper) and inferior ( lower)  parts is known as transverse plane.


https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/anatomical-planes-section-showing-sagittal-coronal-314480474
References:
General Anatomy By Ghulam Ahmad.
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/anatomical-planes-section-showing-sagittal-coronal-314480474
About Author:
Tayyba Saleem ( PT )
Doctor of Physical Therapy.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Write a note on Faradic current? Explain its physiological effects and indications.

-
  FARADIC CURRENT: A Faradic current is a short-duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and a frequency of 50-100 Hz. Modified Faradic Currents: Modified faradic currents include the surging of current. they produce a near-normal tetanic like contractions and relaxation. The current is surged , so that intensity of impulses increases gradually. The circuit can b modified by giving surges of different durations and frequencies. Various forms of surges may b available, which are trapezoidal, triangular and saw-tooth impulses. Physiological Effects : The physiological effects of faradic currents are as follows: 1. Stimulation Of Sensory nerves:                                                           When a current of faradic type is applied to the body, a mild prickling sensation is felt. This is due to the stimulation of sensory nerves. The sensory stimulation causes a reflex vasodilation of the superficial blood vessels, thats why slight reddening of ski
Read more

Write down the translatoric joint play movements. Explain normal grades of translatoric movement?

-
Image
Translatoric Joint Play Movements: The translatoric joint play movements used in the OMT Kaltenborn-Evjenth concept are Traction, Compression and gliding. Traction: Tra ction ( separation ) is a linear translatoric joint play movement at a right angle to and away from the treatment plan.  Compression: Compression ( approximation ) is a linear translatoric movement at a right angle to and toward the treatment plane.   Compression presses the joint surfaces together. It is usefu l to differentiate between articular and extra-articular lesions. Gliding: Translatoric gliding is a joint play movement parallel to the treatment plane.  Translatoric gliding is possible over a short distance in all joints because curved joint surfaces are not perfectly congurent.  Grade 1 traction is always performed simultaneously with a translatoric gliding movement. Normal Grades Of Translatoric Movement: Normal grades of translatoric movement gives Pain-relief mobilization, Relaxation mobilization and then
Read more

Define Range of motion. Write down the types and normal Ranges of motion.

-
  Range OF Motion: It is defined as, the full motion which is possible to perform is called ROM.  It is a basic technique used for the examination of movement and for initiating movement into a program of therapeutic intervention.  Active Insufficiency: When a two-joint muscles functioning at elbow is the biceps brachii muscle, if it contracts and moves the elbow into flexion and the forearm into supination while simultaneously moving the shoulder into flexion, it shortens to a point. Passive Insufficiency: The muscle is lengthened full range by extending the elbow, pronating the forearm, and simultaneously extending the shoulder. Types Of ROM Exercises: Passive ROM Active ROM Active-Assistive ROM. Passive ROM: Passive ROM is movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by an external force, there is little to no voluntary muscle contraction.  The external force may be give with a gravity, machine and other individual.  Indication for PROM: When there i
Read more