What about Osteoporosis? Explain Female Athlete Triad.

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 OSTEOPOROSIS:

Osteoporosis is defined as a disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one or more resulting fractures.

Explanation: 

Osteoporosis is found in most elderly individuals, mostly in women. The condition begins as Osteopenia, which is defined as a condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures.

Postmenopausal and Age-Associated Osteoporosis:

The majority of those affected by osteoporosis are postmenopausal and elderly women, although elderly men are more susceptible with more than half of all women. There are two types of osteoporosis:

1. Type I Osteoporosis: 

  • It is also called postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  •  It also affects approximately 40% of women after age 50. 
  • The first osteoporotic fracture usually begin to occur about 5 years postmenopause.
  • The women suffering three times femoral neck fractures, three times as many as vertebral fractures, and six times as many wrist fractures as men of the same age.
2. Type II Osteoporosis:

  • It is also known as Age-Associated osteoporosis.
  • It affects most women and also affect men after age 70.
  • After age 60, about 90% of all fractures in both men and women are osteoporosis-related.


Fracture Types:

  • The Radius and Ulna, Femoral neck and spine are all common sites of osteoporotic fractures.
  • Crush Fractures of the lumbar vertebrae resulting from compressive loads created by bearing of weight during activities of daily living cause reduction of body height. 
  • Dowager's hump is a fracture in which forward curvature of the spine results in a stoop, typically in women with osteoporosis caused by collapse of front edges of thoracic vertebrae.
Female Athlete Triad:

It is defines as,  Combination of disordered eating, Amenorrhea and osteoporosis, This combination made a triad which is known as Female Athlete Triad.


Disordered eating:
As many as 60% of female athletes in certain sports display disordered eating behaviors especially in gymnastics and figure skating. 
  • Prolonged eating disorders can lead to Anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. 
  • These illnesses are relatively common in girls aged 15- 19 years.
  • Anorexia Nervosa symptoms includes body weight 15% or more below minimal normal weight for age and height, an intense fear of gaining weight, a disturbed body image and amenorrhea.
  • Bulimia Nervosa symptoms include a feeling of lack of control during binges, self induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, strict dieting or exercise to prevent weight gain.
Amenorrhea:
                       Amenorrhea is defined as a cessation of menses.
  • Amenorrhea appears to be related to a decrease in hypothalamus secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone which decreases the secretion of LH and FSH hormone.
  • Amenorrhea cases are high in athletics and gymnastics.
Osteoporosis:
                Osteoporosis is the loss of bone-mineral density. 
  • It occurs mostly due to disordered eating which causes weakness of bones.
  • Due to amenorrhea, Estrogen deficiency causes osteoporosis.
In this way, Disordered eating, osteoporosis and amenorrhea constitute a dangerous and potentially lethal triad for young athletes.
Prevention Of Osteoporosis:
There are following preventive measures and treatment methods are present:
  • Regular exercise has been shown to be effective to some extent in mediating osteoporosis.
  • Estrogen and Testosterone deficiencies promote the development of osteoporosis.
  • Increased dietary intake  of calcium and Vitamin D to decrease the chance of osteoporosis.
References:

Basic biomechanics By Susan J. Hall.

About Author:
Tayyba Saleem ( PT )
Doctor Of Physical Therapy.


                                               


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