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Translatoric Joint Play Movements: The translatoric joint play movements used in the OMT Kaltenborn-Evjenth concept are Traction, Compression and gliding. Traction: Tra ction ( separation ) is a linear translatoric joint play movement at a right angle to and away from the treatment plan.  Compression: Compression ( approximation ) is a linear translatoric movement at a right angle to and toward the treatment plane.   Compression presses the joint surfaces together. It is usefu l to differentiate between articular and extra-articular lesions. Gliding: Translatoric gliding is a joint play movement parallel to the treatment plane.  Translatoric gliding is possible over a short distance in all joints because curved joint surfaces are not perfectly congurent.  Grade 1 traction is always performed simultaneously with a translatoric gliding movement. Normal Grades Of Translatoric Movement: Normal grades of translatoric movement gives Pain-relief mobilization, Relaxation mobilization and then

HISTORY TAKING STEPS: In it, First listen to the patient carefully, try to communicate in the language which the patient can understand,  then ask necessary questions to complete the history, and then write. There are following steps while taking the history of a patient under following headings: Name, Age, Sex, Marital status, Occupation, Address. Presenting Complaints. History of present Illness. Systemic History. Past history Menstrual History Treatment History Family history Personal and Social History Occupational history https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/handsome-doctor-talking-young-female-patient-406993543 1. General Information: In general information, Age, sex, marital status and address of the patient involved.  After knowing about age of the patient, we estimate about some common diseases regarding age factor like polio, chicken pox etc. According to sex , some diseases are common in male and some in female, so we know about these diseases. Complete postal Address

  IONTOPHORESIS: DEFINITION:                             It is defined as a technique in which medically useful ions are driven through the patient's skin into the tissues. PRINCIPLE:                       The basic principal is to place the ion under an electrode with the same charge; e.g. a negative ion is applied under the cathode. This electrode is known as active electrode. A constant current is then applied and the ion is electrically propelled into the patient.  HYPERHIDROSIS: Constant current is used in the treatment of Hyperhidrosis ( excessive sweating ).   The use of tap water for this treatment produces no side effects but the ions in it may not inhibit sweating and therefore the use of anticholinergic compound in water is recommended.  Apparatus: The apparatus required is: a source of constant current of low voltage and low amperage; a shallow plastic tray for the anode a foot or arm bath for the cathode two large electrodes and leads; two large lint pads to cover the

  INTERRUPTED DIRECT CURRENT Interrupted direct current is also known as Galvanic Current. The frequency of interrupted direct current is 30 Hz and Duration is 100 ms. The rise and fall in intensity may be sudden or gradual.  Modified types of direct current includes : Rectangular, Trapezoidal, triangular, Saw-tooth and Depolarized. Physiological Effects Of I.d.c :                                                                     With the duration and intensity of current, a contraction of denervated muscle can be initiated. An impulse with a duration of 100 ms is the shortest that is generally considered satisfactory for the treatment of denervated muscle. Stimulation Of Sensory Nerves:    When an interrupted direct current is applied to the body, there is stimulation of sensory nerves. The impulses are of fairly long duration so the effect is rather marked, giving rise to a stabbing or burning sensation. There is a reflex dilatation of superficial blood vessels, and causes erythem

  STIMULATION OF MUSCLE GROUPS Faradic Current is used to stimulate the muscles of a group work together is a satisfactory method of re-educating the action of muscles such as Quadriceps, small muscles of the foot, and the muscles of pelvic floor. Quadriceps: Quadriceps are the large muscles which are present in front side of the thigh. Preparation : Prepare the apparatus and the patient . Position the patient on a plinth with the affected knee supported in the desired degree of flexion. Method:  One electrode and a pad is placed over the femoral nerve in the femoral triangle and either held in the position with a sandbag or bandaged on firmly. The other electrode pad is placed across the motor points and held in position by a strap or bandage. Use jaconet to protect clothes and bandage from moisture. Application:  Select a suitable frequency and duration of surge to gain a good contraction followed by a complete relaxation of the muscle. The patient should be encouraged to contract th

  FARADIC CURRENT: A Faradic current is a short-duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and a frequency of 50-100 Hz. Modified Faradic Currents: Modified faradic currents include the surging of current. they produce a near-normal tetanic like contractions and relaxation. The current is surged , so that intensity of impulses increases gradually. The circuit can b modified by giving surges of different durations and frequencies. Various forms of surges may b available, which are trapezoidal, triangular and saw-tooth impulses. Physiological Effects : The physiological effects of faradic currents are as follows: 1. Stimulation Of Sensory nerves:                                                           When a current of faradic type is applied to the body, a mild prickling sensation is felt. This is due to the stimulation of sensory nerves. The sensory stimulation causes a reflex vasodilation of the superficial blood vessels, thats why slight reddening of ski

  ULNA The ulna is the medial bone of the forearm. It is homologous with the fibula of the lower limb. It has an upper end, a shaft and a lower end. Features: Upper End: The upper end presents the olecranon and coracoid processes, and the trochlear and radial notches. The olecranon process projects upwards from the shaft. It has superior, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral surfaces. The anterior surface is articular, it forms the upper part of the trochlear notch. The posterior surface forms a triangular sub cutaneous area which is separated from the skin by a bursae. The medial surface is continuous inferiorly with the medial surface of the shaft. The lateral surface is smooth, continues as posterior surface of shaft. The superior surface in its posterior part shows a roughened area. 2. The Coracoid process projects forwards from the shaft just below the olecranon and has four surfaces. The superior surface forms the lower part of the trochlear notch. The anterior surface is tria