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  Range OF Motion: It is defined as, the full motion which is possible to perform is called ROM.  It is a basic technique used for the examination of movement and for initiating movement into a program of therapeutic intervention.  Active Insufficiency: When a two-joint muscles functioning at elbow is the biceps brachii muscle, if it contracts and moves the elbow into flexion and the forearm into supination while simultaneously moving the shoulder into flexion, it shortens to a point. Passive Insufficiency: The muscle is lengthened full range by extending the elbow, pronating the forearm, and simultaneously extending the shoulder. Types Of ROM Exercises: Passive ROM Active ROM Active-Assistive ROM. Passive ROM: Passive ROM is movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by an external force, there is little to no voluntary muscle contraction.  The external force may be give with a gravity, machine and other individual.  Indication for PROM: When there i

  JOINTS: Joints are defined as, When two or more bones or cartilages come in contact with each other an articulation or joint is formed. The study of joints is known as Arthrology . Classification Of Joints: The joints are classified into following: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints 1. Fibrous Joints:   They are fixed, immoveable joints. In Fibrous joints, the union is due to dense fibrous tissue and mainly limited to the skull. They are furthur divided into three major groups: Sutures Gombhosis Syndesmosis Sutures:  These are the joints of skull bones. They are immoveable and fixed. These are the sites of active bone growth. There are following types of sutures: Serrate Sutures ( Saw-like, Sagittal sutures between two parietal bone) Denticulate Sutures ( Tooth-like, lambdoid suture between parietal and occipital bone) Squamous Sutures ( Overlap bones, Temporo-parietal suture ) Limbous Sutures ( Serrated or ridged,  Temporo-parietal suture) Plane Suture ( Zygomatic

  OSTEOPOROSIS: Osteoporosis is defined as a disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one or more resulting fractures. Explanation:   Osteoporosis is found in most elderly individuals, mostly in women. The condition begins as Osteopenia , which is defined as a condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures. Postmenopausal and Age-Associated Osteoporosis: The majority of those affected by osteoporosis are postmenopausal and elderly women, although elderly men are more susceptible with more than half of all women. There are two types of osteoporosis: 1. Type I Osteoporosis:   It is also called postmenopausal osteoporosis.  It also affects approximately 40% of women after age 50.  The first osteoporotic fracture usually begin to occur about 5 years postmenopause. The women suffering three times femoral neck fractures , three times as many as vertebral fractures , and six times as many wrist fractures as men of the same age. 2. Type I

What is BONE? Bone is a rigid, highly vascular, dynamic, constantly changing, mineralized connective tissue. It gives characteristic form to the human body. It also gives support to human body. Classification Of Bones: Bones can be classified as following: Developmental Classification Structural Classification Regional Classification According to size and shape. Developmental Classification: This classification includes 3 types: Intramembranous:  In this type the embryonic mesenchyme directly differentiate into bony tissues. It usually occurs in embryo. The characteristic of this type of bone formation is its rapidity of formation, e.g., Bones of the vault of the skull Bones of the face Clavicle. Intracartilagenous:   In it, firstly cartilagenous model of bone is formed which later on transforms into bony tissues. For example, All long bones of the body except clavicle Short bone Irregular bones Membrano-cartilagenous:  At the junction of vault and base of skull the bones are formed b

  GENERAL ANATOMY: General anatomy is defined as the consideration of various structures which make up the human body.    OR   " The study of   internal organs of body". SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY: It is the branch of anatomy which deals with the study of various structures systematically i.e., system wise. It is furthur classified as: Osteology ( Study of skeletal system ) Arthrology ( Study of articular system ) Myology ( Study of muscular system ) Neurology ( Study of nervous system ) Splanchnology ( Study of Viscera system like respiratory system, Digestive system). SURFACE ANATOMY: It deals with the study and identification of various structures in the living person by methods of inspection and palpation . It helps to enhance the knowledge acquired through dissection of Cadaver by either line of study. STATISTICAL ANATOMY: It deals with the facts and figures on variations in measurements, structure and relationship of different parts of human body. HOMOLOGOUS: When two stru

  HEART: Heart contains two pumps:  a right heart that pumps blood through the lungs,   a left heart that pumps blood through the systemic circulation provides blood flow to the organs and tissues of the body.  Heart contains two chambers ; Atrial and Ventricles. Cardiac rhythmicity:   Special mechanisms in the heart cause a continuing succession of heart contractions . https://pixabay.com/vectors/human-heart-pumping-care-medicine-41546/ Physiology Of Cardiac Muscle: The heart is composed of three major types of cardiac muscle: Atrial muscle, Ventricular muscle and specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers. Cardiac muscles are actually Skeletal muscles. They have many similarities and differences. Simmilarities: The cardiac muscle is striated just like skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle has typical myofibrils that contain actin and myosin filaments almost identical to skeletal muscle. These filaments lie side by side and slide during contraction just like skeletal muscle.