Info Docx

  IONTOPHORESIS: DEFINITION:                             It is defined as a technique in which medically useful ions are driven through the patient's skin into the tissues. PRINCIPLE:                       The basic principal is to place the ion under an electrode with the same charge; e.g. a negative ion is applied under the cathode. This electrode is known as active electrode. A constant current is then applied and the ion is electrically propelled into the patient.  HYPERHIDROSIS: Constant current is used in the treatment of Hyperhidrosis ( excessive sweating ).   The use of tap water for this treatment produces no side effects but the ions in it may not inhibit sweating and therefore the use of anticholinergic compound in water is recommended.  Apparatus: The apparatus required is: a source of constant current of low voltage and low amperage; a shallow plastic tray for the anode a foot or arm bath for the cathode two large electrodes and leads; two large lint pads to cover the

  INTERRUPTED DIRECT CURRENT Interrupted direct current is also known as Galvanic Current. The frequency of interrupted direct current is 30 Hz and Duration is 100 ms. The rise and fall in intensity may be sudden or gradual.  Modified types of direct current includes : Rectangular, Trapezoidal, triangular, Saw-tooth and Depolarized. Physiological Effects Of I.d.c :                                                                     With the duration and intensity of current, a contraction of denervated muscle can be initiated. An impulse with a duration of 100 ms is the shortest that is generally considered satisfactory for the treatment of denervated muscle. Stimulation Of Sensory Nerves:    When an interrupted direct current is applied to the body, there is stimulation of sensory nerves. The impulses are of fairly long duration so the effect is rather marked, giving rise to a stabbing or burning sensation. There is a reflex dilatation of superficial blood vessels, and causes erythem

  STIMULATION OF MUSCLE GROUPS Faradic Current is used to stimulate the muscles of a group work together is a satisfactory method of re-educating the action of muscles such as Quadriceps, small muscles of the foot, and the muscles of pelvic floor. Quadriceps: Quadriceps are the large muscles which are present in front side of the thigh. Preparation : Prepare the apparatus and the patient . Position the patient on a plinth with the affected knee supported in the desired degree of flexion. Method:  One electrode and a pad is placed over the femoral nerve in the femoral triangle and either held in the position with a sandbag or bandaged on firmly. The other electrode pad is placed across the motor points and held in position by a strap or bandage. Use jaconet to protect clothes and bandage from moisture. Application:  Select a suitable frequency and duration of surge to gain a good contraction followed by a complete relaxation of the muscle. The patient should be encouraged to contract th

  FARADIC CURRENT: A Faradic current is a short-duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and a frequency of 50-100 Hz. Modified Faradic Currents: Modified faradic currents include the surging of current. they produce a near-normal tetanic like contractions and relaxation. The current is surged , so that intensity of impulses increases gradually. The circuit can b modified by giving surges of different durations and frequencies. Various forms of surges may b available, which are trapezoidal, triangular and saw-tooth impulses. Physiological Effects : The physiological effects of faradic currents are as follows: 1. Stimulation Of Sensory nerves:                                                           When a current of faradic type is applied to the body, a mild prickling sensation is felt. This is due to the stimulation of sensory nerves. The sensory stimulation causes a reflex vasodilation of the superficial blood vessels, thats why slight reddening of ski

  ULNA The ulna is the medial bone of the forearm. It is homologous with the fibula of the lower limb. It has an upper end, a shaft and a lower end. Features: Upper End: The upper end presents the olecranon and coracoid processes, and the trochlear and radial notches. The olecranon process projects upwards from the shaft. It has superior, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral surfaces. The anterior surface is articular, it forms the upper part of the trochlear notch. The posterior surface forms a triangular sub cutaneous area which is separated from the skin by a bursae. The medial surface is continuous inferiorly with the medial surface of the shaft. The lateral surface is smooth, continues as posterior surface of shaft. The superior surface in its posterior part shows a roughened area. 2. The Coracoid process projects forwards from the shaft just below the olecranon and has four surfaces. The superior surface forms the lower part of the trochlear notch. The anterior surface is tria

  RADIUS The radius is the lateral bone of the forearm. It is homologous with the tibia of the lower limb. It has an upper end, a lower end and a shaft. Features: It has an upper end, shaft and a lower end. Upper End: The head is disc-shaped and is covered with hyaline cartilage. It has a superior concave surface which articulates with the capitulum of the humerus at the elbow joint.  The neck is enclosed by the narrow lower margin of the annular ligament. The head and neck are free from capsular attachment and can rotate freely within the socket. The tuberosity lies just below the medial part of the neck. It has a rough posterior part and a smooth anterior part. Shaft: It has three borders and three surfaces. Borders: The anter ior border extends from the anterior margin of the radial tuberosity down close to the styloid process. It is oblique in the upper half of the shaft, and vertical in the lower half. The oblique part is called the anterior oblique line. The posterior border is t

HUMERUS The humerus is the bone of the arm. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It has an upper end, a lower end and a shaft. Side Determination: 1. The upper end is rounded to form the head. The lower end is expanded from side to side and flattened from before backwards. 2. The head is directed medially, upwards and backwards. 3. The lesser tubercle projects from the front of the upper end and is limited laterally by the intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove. Features: Upper End: The head is directed medially, backwards and upwards. It articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form shoulder joint. The line separating the head from the rest of the upper end is called anatomical neck. The lesser tubercle is an elevation on the anterior aspect of the upper end. The greater tubercle is an elevation that forms the lateral part of the upper end. The intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove separates the lesser tubercle medially from the anterior part of the greater