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  Health Care Models Bio-Psycho-Social model of health and disease The Integrated Model of health care The Public Health Care Model 1. Bio-Psycho-Social Model: In 1977, George Engel theorised the importance of integrating the traditional biological aspects of medicine with the behavioural sciences.  Engel's BPS model was based on three principles:   Disease is a result of multiple factors that interact to make an individual feel ill.   An individual that is composed of a complex , integrated system composed of interacting subsystem elements of mind, body and spirit.   Biological, Psychosocial, and social factors form a triad to interact and serve as determinants of disease. He proposed that the biological, psychological and social systems work together to cause disease. Biological System:   The biological system ensures a structural , biochemical and a molecular study of a disease. Psychological System:   The psychological system provides insight into the role of personality, a

  Range OF Motion: It is defined as, the full motion which is possible to perform is called ROM.  It is a basic technique used for the examination of movement and for initiating movement into a program of therapeutic intervention.  Active Insufficiency: When a two-joint muscles functioning at elbow is the biceps brachii muscle, if it contracts and moves the elbow into flexion and the forearm into supination while simultaneously moving the shoulder into flexion, it shortens to a point. Passive Insufficiency: The muscle is lengthened full range by extending the elbow, pronating the forearm, and simultaneously extending the shoulder. Types Of ROM Exercises: Passive ROM Active ROM Active-Assistive ROM. Passive ROM: Passive ROM is movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by an external force, there is little to no voluntary muscle contraction.  The external force may be give with a gravity, machine and other individual.  Indication for PROM: When there i

  JOINTS: Joints are defined as, When two or more bones or cartilages come in contact with each other an articulation or joint is formed. The study of joints is known as Arthrology . Classification Of Joints: The joints are classified into following: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints 1. Fibrous Joints:   They are fixed, immoveable joints. In Fibrous joints, the union is due to dense fibrous tissue and mainly limited to the skull. They are furthur divided into three major groups: Sutures Gombhosis Syndesmosis Sutures:  These are the joints of skull bones. They are immoveable and fixed. These are the sites of active bone growth. There are following types of sutures: Serrate Sutures ( Saw-like, Sagittal sutures between two parietal bone) Denticulate Sutures ( Tooth-like, lambdoid suture between parietal and occipital bone) Squamous Sutures ( Overlap bones, Temporo-parietal suture ) Limbous Sutures ( Serrated or ridged,  Temporo-parietal suture) Plane Suture ( Zygomatic

  OSTEOPOROSIS: Osteoporosis is defined as a disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one or more resulting fractures. Explanation:   Osteoporosis is found in most elderly individuals, mostly in women. The condition begins as Osteopenia , which is defined as a condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures. Postmenopausal and Age-Associated Osteoporosis: The majority of those affected by osteoporosis are postmenopausal and elderly women, although elderly men are more susceptible with more than half of all women. There are two types of osteoporosis: 1. Type I Osteoporosis:   It is also called postmenopausal osteoporosis.  It also affects approximately 40% of women after age 50.  The first osteoporotic fracture usually begin to occur about 5 years postmenopause. The women suffering three times femoral neck fractures , three times as many as vertebral fractures , and six times as many wrist fractures as men of the same age. 2. Type I

What is BONE? Bone is a rigid, highly vascular, dynamic, constantly changing, mineralized connective tissue. It gives characteristic form to the human body. It also gives support to human body. Classification Of Bones: Bones can be classified as following: Developmental Classification Structural Classification Regional Classification According to size and shape. Developmental Classification: This classification includes 3 types: Intramembranous:  In this type the embryonic mesenchyme directly differentiate into bony tissues. It usually occurs in embryo. The characteristic of this type of bone formation is its rapidity of formation, e.g., Bones of the vault of the skull Bones of the face Clavicle. Intracartilagenous:   In it, firstly cartilagenous model of bone is formed which later on transforms into bony tissues. For example, All long bones of the body except clavicle Short bone Irregular bones Membrano-cartilagenous:  At the junction of vault and base of skull the bones are formed b

  GENERAL ANATOMY: General anatomy is defined as the consideration of various structures which make up the human body.    OR   " The study of   internal organs of body". SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY: It is the branch of anatomy which deals with the study of various structures systematically i.e., system wise. It is furthur classified as: Osteology ( Study of skeletal system ) Arthrology ( Study of articular system ) Myology ( Study of muscular system ) Neurology ( Study of nervous system ) Splanchnology ( Study of Viscera system like respiratory system, Digestive system). SURFACE ANATOMY: It deals with the study and identification of various structures in the living person by methods of inspection and palpation . It helps to enhance the knowledge acquired through dissection of Cadaver by either line of study. STATISTICAL ANATOMY: It deals with the facts and figures on variations in measurements, structure and relationship of different parts of human body. HOMOLOGOUS: When two stru

  HEART: Heart contains two pumps:  a right heart that pumps blood through the lungs,   a left heart that pumps blood through the systemic circulation provides blood flow to the organs and tissues of the body.  Heart contains two chambers ; Atrial and Ventricles. Cardiac rhythmicity:   Special mechanisms in the heart cause a continuing succession of heart contractions . https://pixabay.com/vectors/human-heart-pumping-care-medicine-41546/ Physiology Of Cardiac Muscle: The heart is composed of three major types of cardiac muscle: Atrial muscle, Ventricular muscle and specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers. Cardiac muscles are actually Skeletal muscles. They have many similarities and differences. Simmilarities: The cardiac muscle is striated just like skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle has typical myofibrils that contain actin and myosin filaments almost identical to skeletal muscle. These filaments lie side by side and slide during contraction just like skeletal muscle.

Translatoric Joint Play Movements: The translatoric joint play movements used in the OMT Kaltenborn-Evjenth concept are Traction, Compression and gliding. Traction: Tra ction ( separation ) is a linear translatoric joint play movement at a right angle to and away from the treatment plan.  Compression: Compression ( approximation ) is a linear translatoric movement at a right angle to and toward the treatment plane.   Compression presses the joint surfaces together. It is usefu l to differentiate between articular and extra-articular lesions. Gliding: Translatoric gliding is a joint play movement parallel to the treatment plane.  Translatoric gliding is possible over a short distance in all joints because curved joint surfaces are not perfectly congurent.  Grade 1 traction is always performed simultaneously with a translatoric gliding movement. Normal Grades Of Translatoric Movement: Normal grades of translatoric movement gives Pain-relief mobilization, Relaxation mobilization and then

HISTORY TAKING STEPS: In it, First listen to the patient carefully, try to communicate in the language which the patient can understand,  then ask necessary questions to complete the history, and then write. There are following steps while taking the history of a patient under following headings: Name, Age, Sex, Marital status, Occupation, Address. Presenting Complaints. History of present Illness. Systemic History. Past history Menstrual History Treatment History Family history Personal and Social History Occupational history https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/handsome-doctor-talking-young-female-patient-406993543 1. General Information: In general information, Age, sex, marital status and address of the patient involved.  After knowing about age of the patient, we estimate about some common diseases regarding age factor like polio, chicken pox etc. According to sex , some diseases are common in male and some in female, so we know about these diseases. Complete postal Address