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  STIMULATION OF MUSCLE GROUPS Faradic Current is used to stimulate the muscles of a group work together is a satisfactory method of re-educating the action of muscles such as Quadriceps, small muscles of the foot, and the muscles of pelvic floor. Quadriceps: Quadriceps are the large muscles which are present in front side of the thigh. Preparation : Prepare the apparatus and the patient . Position the patient on a plinth with the affected knee supported in the desired degree of flexion. Method:  One electrode and a pad is placed over the femoral nerve in the femoral triangle and either held in the position with a sandbag or bandaged on firmly. The other electrode pad is placed across the motor points and held in position by a strap or bandage. Use jaconet to protect clothes and bandage from moisture. Application:  Select a suitable frequency and duration of surge to gain a good contraction followed by a complete relaxation of the muscle. The patient should be encouraged to contract th

  FARADIC CURRENT: A Faradic current is a short-duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and a frequency of 50-100 Hz. Modified Faradic Currents: Modified faradic currents include the surging of current. they produce a near-normal tetanic like contractions and relaxation. The current is surged , so that intensity of impulses increases gradually. The circuit can b modified by giving surges of different durations and frequencies. Various forms of surges may b available, which are trapezoidal, triangular and saw-tooth impulses. Physiological Effects : The physiological effects of faradic currents are as follows: 1. Stimulation Of Sensory nerves:                                                           When a current of faradic type is applied to the body, a mild prickling sensation is felt. This is due to the stimulation of sensory nerves. The sensory stimulation causes a reflex vasodilation of the superficial blood vessels, thats why slight reddening of ski

  ULNA The ulna is the medial bone of the forearm. It is homologous with the fibula of the lower limb. It has an upper end, a shaft and a lower end. Features: Upper End: The upper end presents the olecranon and coracoid processes, and the trochlear and radial notches. The olecranon process projects upwards from the shaft. It has superior, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral surfaces. The anterior surface is articular, it forms the upper part of the trochlear notch. The posterior surface forms a triangular sub cutaneous area which is separated from the skin by a bursae. The medial surface is continuous inferiorly with the medial surface of the shaft. The lateral surface is smooth, continues as posterior surface of shaft. The superior surface in its posterior part shows a roughened area. 2. The Coracoid process projects forwards from the shaft just below the olecranon and has four surfaces. The superior surface forms the lower part of the trochlear notch. The anterior surface is tria

  RADIUS The radius is the lateral bone of the forearm. It is homologous with the tibia of the lower limb. It has an upper end, a lower end and a shaft. Features: It has an upper end, shaft and a lower end. Upper End: The head is disc-shaped and is covered with hyaline cartilage. It has a superior concave surface which articulates with the capitulum of the humerus at the elbow joint.  The neck is enclosed by the narrow lower margin of the annular ligament. The head and neck are free from capsular attachment and can rotate freely within the socket. The tuberosity lies just below the medial part of the neck. It has a rough posterior part and a smooth anterior part. Shaft: It has three borders and three surfaces. Borders: The anter ior border extends from the anterior margin of the radial tuberosity down close to the styloid process. It is oblique in the upper half of the shaft, and vertical in the lower half. The oblique part is called the anterior oblique line. The posterior border is t

HUMERUS The humerus is the bone of the arm. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It has an upper end, a lower end and a shaft. Side Determination: 1. The upper end is rounded to form the head. The lower end is expanded from side to side and flattened from before backwards. 2. The head is directed medially, upwards and backwards. 3. The lesser tubercle projects from the front of the upper end and is limited laterally by the intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove. Features: Upper End: The head is directed medially, backwards and upwards. It articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form shoulder joint. The line separating the head from the rest of the upper end is called anatomical neck. The lesser tubercle is an elevation on the anterior aspect of the upper end. The greater tubercle is an elevation that forms the lateral part of the upper end. The intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove separates the lesser tubercle medially from the anterior part of the greater

  SCAPULA The Scapula is a thin bone placed on the posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage.It has two surfaces, three borders , three angles and three processes.  Features of Scapula: Surfaces: The Costal Surface is concave and is directed medially and forwards.It is marked by three longitudinal ridges.The part of the bone is rod-like.It acts as a lever for the action of seratus anterior. The Dorsal Surface gives attachment to the spine of scapula which divides the surface into Supraspinous and Infraspinous fossa. Borders: The Superior border is thin and shorter.It presents the suprascapular notch. The Lateral border is thick. It presents the infraglenoid tubercle. The Medial border is thin.It extends from the superior angle to the inferior angle. Angles: The Superior angle is covered by the trapezius. The Inferior angle is covered by latissimus dorsi. The Lateral  or glenoid angle is broad and bears the glenoid cavity or fossa. Processes: The spinous process is a triangular plate o

CLAVICLE The clavicle is a long bone of upper limb. It supports the shoulder so that the arm can swing clearly away from the trunk.The clavicle transmits the weight of the limb to the sternum.The bone has the cylindrical parts called the  Shaft, and two ends, lateral and medial. Peculiarities of the clavicle: 1. It is the only bone that lies horizontally. 2. It is subcutaneous throughout. 3. It is the first bone to start ossifying. 4.  It is the only long bone which ossifies in membrane. 5.  There is no medullary cavity. Features Of Clavicle: Shaft: The shaft is divided into lateral one-third and medial two-thirds. The Lateral one-third of the shaft is flattened from above downwards. It has two borders Anterior and Posterior.The anterior border is concave forwards. The posterior border is convex backwards.It has an elevation called the conoid tubercle, and ridge called the trapezoid ridge. The Medial two-thirds of the shaft is rounded and has four surfaces.The anterior surface is conv